Troubleshooting your Wi-Fi: connectivity and configuration issues 1 Sep 2022, 10:12 am

Some of the most common problems you might face while dealing with your Internet are connectivity and configuration issues, therefore it is extremely helpful to be able to solve them. This article will help you to set the best tactics.

Addressing connectivity issues

Wireless clients configured properly should automatically and quickly picks up broadcasted SSID and connect accordingly assuming both the client and WAP support the correct bands. If this has not taken place, it is the time for some troubleshooting. Most of the problems of the wireless connectivity come down to either an incorrect configuration such as incorrect password or for low signal strength.

Without a strong signal, even the perfectly configured wireless client won’t do much here. Every wireless clients use a multi-bar graph, typically five bars, to show off the signal strength to the user. Zero bars indicates no wireless connectivity and five bars indicate maximum signal. Weak signal can result in slow overall data transfer and intermittent connections.

Whatever the cause is, be it the configuration or signal strength, process to diagnose and repair is the same as for a wired network. Very first you want to see, if your wireless NIC has network light, if is passing data packets back and forth the network. Secondly, check the NIC’s configuration utility. The link state generally defines the wireless NIC’s connection status to a wireless network. The status could be connected or disconnected. If the connection status is disconnected, you could have an issue with the WAP. If the signal is weak to receive known as low RF signal, you probably is out of your WAP’s coverage range or there could be any sort of interference.

You can address these issues in number of ways. Wi-Fi signals bounce off objects. You can try little adjustments to your antennas and see if the signal improves. You can swap out the antenna with high gain antennas out there. Another one is you can relocate the PC or access point or locate and move the device causing the interference.

Most the signal interference occur due to the fact that there are lot of other household electronic appliances run on the same frequency as your Wi-Fi signal. Things like wireless phone, intercoms, microwave etc. Can cause serious interference with the Wi-Fi signal. To address this issue, you can try changing the channel and see if any of the channel fix this issue. Another solution here could be changing the channel of the device causing the issue. If you for some reason can not change the channel , try moving the interfering device to another place or area or replace it with a different device. In cases like this, if you need to cover a small area, really small and you don’t care about range outside far away from your home, you can opt in to a 5GHz band to solidify you bandwidth and against any interference.

Addressing configuration issues

The most common kind of wireless networking problem is a misconfigured hardware or software. Given the level of complexities of wireless networking, this is not surprising that sometimes even brilliant tech in the field could mess things up. One slip of the typing finger and off goes the configuration completely. The things you are most likely to get wrong ones are the SSID and security configuration, dual-band routers have introduced some additional complexities.

First, verify SSID configuration, for any bands in use, on your access point. Then check on the affected clients. Most of the wireless devices allow you to use any characters in the SSID which includes blank spaces and fancy emojis as well. It is best not to put any blank characters in the SSID. Careful with any trailing blank spaces that you may have accidentally left there.

In some situations, clients that have always connects to a WAP with a specific SSID may no longer connects. Client may not give off any error message like “SSID not found”. There are workarounds for this. Look for is the WAP is not powered up or down for some reason. Another one is, see if there was any changes in the SSID. If so then, you need to re-connect from the clients with new SSID or change the SSID back to where it was. Sometimes, the client may connect to the new one. In such case, go ahead and delete the old one.

There could be other reasons as well but look out for common issues mentioned here. This should help you fix the networking issue.

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Solving Internet problems with hardware and software 1 Sep 2022, 10:11 am

If you have gone through our introduction into the strategy for troubleshooting your issues with the Internet, you should be able to figure out the common the WWW issues. Now, let’s dive into addressing the issues. Generally, the problem is going to be with hardware, software, connectivity and configuration.

Addressing the hardware issue

Any wireless networking hardware components are victim of the same kind of abuse and faulty installation as of any other hardware component.

Open Windows device manger and look for any error or conflict with the wireless adapter. If you see an exclamatory mark chilling there, you have a hard drive error. If you see a downward facing arrow next to the device it indicates that is disabled. Enabling it may solve the problem or you may have to reinstall the device driver need for the device. In a case, you do not see the device listed, probably it is not installed or plugged in properly. Re-adjusting might fix the issue.

As with any other computer fix, do not forget to perform the standard troubleshooting steps like rebooting the computer before you set any new configuration or hardware changes or afterward.

Addressing the software issue

Since you have you already checked to confirm your hardware using the correct drivers, what kind of software issues could be there? Right off the bat, two things pop up.

The wireless adapter configuration utility and the WAP’s firmware version.

Some wireless devices don’t work correctly if the vendor-provided drivers and configuration utility is not installed before plugging in the device. This is extremely fitted for wireless USB devices. If you forgot or did not do this, go to device manger and uninstall the device and then start fresh again.

By the time you unpack your new WAP, there’s a good chance its firmware is outdated. Outdated firmware could manifest in several ways. In that case, the WAP may enable the clients to connect but such low speeds that they experience frequent timeout errors. You may find that out, in a week, you clients are connected but there is no Internet access until you restart your WAP. Devices like Apple may have trouble connecting or running at advertised speeds. The most important thing to note here is to keep your eyes open for any strange or erroneous behaviour.

All these wireless device manufacturers almost regularly release new firmware updates to fix issues like these and many more. It is always a good idea to update the access point’s firmware. For older WAPs, go the manufacturer’s Website and follow the support links until you reach to the latest firmware version.

You will need your device’s make and model number, exact one, hardware version, current firmware version. This is crucial since installing the wrong firmware version on your device is guarantees a useless device. Most of the modern WAPs have built-in administration pages to upload the newly downloaded firmware. Some of these modern WAPs can check for firmware updates and install them for you. Always look up and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for updating the firmware to the latter.

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Troubleshooting Wi-Fi: introduction 1 Sep 2022, 10:09 am

Wireless network makes feel almighty and privileged who has access to the world of information and entertainment from the comfort of any spot in the Wi-Fi area. All cool until they begin to play odd balls and do not respond to your request or get you any access. For some place like big business, they cannot simply afford to let that happen.

Let’s see how we can detect and correct wireless problems by looking at hardware, software and configuration problems.

Key question to answer for fixing Internet issues

The best thing you can do in virtually any problem solving tasks is to break down the problems into little chunks. This step is way more crucial than looking for solution straight away. Shoot yourself with the question like who, what and when. For instance, who is affected by such problem? What is the behaviour of the network problem? When did the problem occur? This is the first crucial step and also known as the gathering information phase. Answer to these question will at least lead you to a good start than jumping randomly to fix things on the go blindly.

Who is affected?

In case, all machines on the network have lost connection to the network. The problem is quite bigger than a few machines not having access to the network. Troubleshoot this scenario like you would naturally do in such cases. Once you find out the wireless node affected, it is quite easy to pinpoint whether the problem is in one or more wireless clients or in one or multiple access points.

Once you are able to narrow down the number of machines affected, the next step is to find out what kind of error the users of those wireless nodes experiencing. If they are able to get access to some but not all of the network services, it is high likely that the problem is limited to their wireless equipment. For instance, if they are able to surf on the Internet but cannot get access to some shared resources, the problem here points to the permission related issues than just a wireless issue.

Understand when the problem occurred

Last phase of the gathering stage, for this issue is you determine when the problem started. What might have changed that could explain the loss of your connectivity. Did you or somebody else change the wireless network configuration by any chance? For instance, the network worked great until someone made some changes, perhaps the encryption keys, which led to some disaster? These little things can lead to the bigger scenario. Did your office experienced any power outage lately? Power sag or power surge? Any of these could lead to a WAP failure. This lead us to our next step of the formal troubleshooting steps, a theory is established.

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Possible problems with Internet connectivity 1 Sep 2022, 10:07 am

In the previous article, we have discussed certain issues related to Internet connectivity. This time we are going to observe even more issues which might prove to be useful if you get into a trouble with your Internet.

Connectivity is limited

This kind of scenario directs to a DHCP problem assuming you are connected to a DHCP server. Run ipconfig in the command line and note if you have an APIPA address. APIPA address stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing which assigns a class B IP address ranging from 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 to the client if a DHCP server is temporarily unavailable form some reason. Type the following in the command line – C:\ > ipconfig, then Windows IP configuration. Go to  the Ethernet adapter Local area connection.

Here you will see list of IP address, subnet mask and default gateway and supposed to be a DHCP server and more information. In this case, if your router is a DHCP server, try restarting the router. If you happen to know the Network ID for your network and the IP address for your default gateway, try setting up your NIC statically.

Troubles with local connectivity

This is a kind of connection where you are able to have access to the local resources available over network but not the Internet. Very first, this is a signature symptom of a down DHCP server since all the systems in the local network will have APIPA/link local addresses. Still, it is worth taking a look if the actual problem resides in the router.

To look for if that is the case, you need to ping the other port, WAN port to be precise, on your router. In order to find the IP address of the other port, you need have access to the configuration web application of the router. Where exactly this piece of information reside inside the web application, varies a lot from manufacturer to manufacturer and their models.

Once you figure out where this is, you can learn a lot by looking at your WAN IP address. If the connection is on and no problem from the perspective of Internet, you will see all the necessary information available there, like WAN IP, Subnet Mask, DNS, Gateway and so on. If something is wrong with the Internet, you won’t see any of such information filled out and either they are blank or set to bunch of 0s.

Most of the ISPs (Internet Service Providers) out there do not provide static IP addresses and they just simply provide you with the physical connection and your router’s WAN network card uses the DHCP like any other internal networks. In case you are lucky, you can renew your DHCP address using some button like option on the router’s configuration. If not so lucky, try resetting the cable/DSL modem. If that did not work either, pick up your phone and call your ISP.

Why does the WAN goe down is hard to put it in one size fits all kind of shoe but here are the list of things that is generally seen in such cases.

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What can you do if there is no Internet connectivity? 1 Sep 2022, 10:06 am

This is one of the scenario that we all user sometimes find ourselves into. But what does it mean? No connectivity typically means two things. Either it is a disconnected NIC (Network Interface Card) or an inability to connect to a certain resource. Since this article only focus on the problem implies you are on the Internet but you can not browse, point of view.

In this case, do yourself some immediate checkup which should include the following steps.

Are you able to visit other websites? If you are not, go back and triple check you local connectivity. Are you able to ping the site?

What is ping?

Ping is one of the command line commands that you can use to see status of certain website or network and so on. Open up your command prompt by typing CMD in the search bar and hit enter. Once the command line interface has showed up, type the following: C:\ > ping www.nameofthesite.com and hit enter. If the site is up and running, you will find list of same IP address of the site with other information like the time it takes to respond. In case the site is down, you will see a message something like “ping request could not find host www.nameofthesite.com. please check the name and try again”.

At this point it is obvious that the ping is a failure which gives us the most valuable information. It means the computer is unable to get an IP address for that website. This is a clear indication of a DNS failure and most often a typical issue. To fix a failure to access to a DNS server, try these options below but you need to get comfortable with command line here.

Further actions on Windows

Assuming you are on the Windows system and type ipconfig/flushdns as following – C:\> ipconfig /flushdns and go to Windows IP configuration to successfully flush the DNS resolver Cache.

One of the core thing to note here is, other commands like ifconfig and iwconfig may look similar but no way the same and suitable for flushing DNS cache if it exists in Linux or macOS.

On Windows 10, straight head for Network and Internet in the settings app and hit the Network troubleshooter.

You will find it at the bottom of status list from the left.

Hit it and run the troubleshooter.

Try using another DNS server. There are plenty of DNS servers out there which are open to public. You can try Google’s famous 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 or Cloudflare’s 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1.

If DNS is Ok, you need to make sure that you are using the right URL. This case is specially true when you are typing a DNS name into applications like e-mail clients.

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More on Internet troubleshooting 1 Sep 2022, 10:04 am

Having problems with the Internet can be just annoying or it can be literally detrimental for the activity are into right now. Sometimes problems can lie beyond our reach, however, there are many cases when we actually can do something about that. Here you will find more possible issues with the Internet and reasons causing them.

Damaged Cables

Yes, this is one of the culprits which may have been giving you this down time. The whole bunch of coaxial cables, fibre, twister pair, all of them might have taken a big toll and gone down the road. This is noticed to be specifically true if your using an extender like splitters. If splitters are not configured or placed in the right way, they can cause the connection issue.

Port malfunctioning

All hardware, software or to put in a nutshell, technical devices and their associates, suffer from malfunction at one point of their life span. In such case, you pretty much hit the wall and nothing much you can do here other than few last work around. If you have any older router, test that out. If that piece is working fine and Internet is up, pretty much says what is it and time to let go a cheque. Also, you can try using another Ethernet cable, plug it in and see if the router is responding. Little things like this can help out to really keep the cheque for other regards.

ISP infrastructure

This we all face from time to time. This is something one of those time when we call the technical guys from the ISP and first thing you hear is the pre-recorded voice telling you what might the reason the Internet is down or get an e-mail like “Dear subscriber, due to < The Issue> you are temporarily facing service interruption” and so on with an apology for such inconvenience. This is generally indicates that one of their node is under maintenance or something has blown off and the team is already looking at the issue. Honestly, what exactly is the issue varies and hard to point out each of them here but you get the gist.

Outlet cutlet

Ya, the name may absolutely can give you some idea of what could go wrong. Things can go so wrong, due to the nature’s abrupt blessings on earth or technical bubble gum piling up behind one of those telephone line from the outlet, can fry itself out. Also, sometimes something can get stuck inside one of those coax cable which could block the signal. A broken outlet can also cause same nuisance as a broken cable.

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Troubleshooting your Internet 1 Sep 2022, 10:02 am

We all know at this point of time and generation, how from small household tasks to entire economy of the state is relied on Internet. We spend a big chunk of the day or all, with Internet. Yet, let’s get honest, how many of us never ran into an Internet connectivity problem. If you are tech or you yourself need to fix this issue, “The Internet is down”, not really but its more like the way you are approaching to solve the problem may be down because the Internet is never down. Yes, people have hard times making friends with some techs because they say the truth and sometimes truth is something better kept aside.

What do you need to know before fixing your Internet?

The connectivity issue that needs to be addressed depends on the kind of setup environment. Is it home or SOHO (Small Office/ Home Office). One of the predominant Internet setup for a SOHO environment is comprised up of some box from the ISP: a cable or fiber modem, a DSL modem and so on, which connects through an Ethernet cable straight to a home router. Most often this router is 802.11 capable router and typically includes four Ethernet ports. The way the computers connect largely varies between the connection through wire or wireless.

Most of the problems with Internet connection lie in network connection problem. This alone goes a long way and involves lot of considerations which is not worth reiterating all of them right here. The issue that we are gonna look into is largely Internet problem only.

Slow Transfer rate

Sometimes it seems like no matter how much it put to get the best connection possible with highest transfer rate and speed, things just don’t seem to work. It is quite considerable to keep our composure while a gigantic file is on download, HD video on buffer but unacceptable and have every reason to lose our composure when a small chunk of data like 100MB is downloading for an hour! Ouch!

Your Internet connection has a maximum speed at which it transfer data to you. Now, if you spread that connection into multiple program, each consuming some portion of the Internet, logically, it makes sense why your 100MB is on downloading for an hour while there is 80GB, 30GB files are getting downloaded simultaneously. Open the command line and type netstat, which will show you all the connections between you and other computers in the network. Typically, you will find most of the columns in the foreign address are web pages like HTTP, HTTPS or some shared folders. Yet, sometimes you may find IP address which you do not know running behind your back. Look up for the IP address and shut it down if they don’t serve any purpose.

Also, if too many people are using the same network, the bandwidth limit may reach and stall your work. You need to upgrade to the higher bandwidth plan for such case.

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Modes of wireless network 5 Jul 2022, 8:10 pm

In our previous article, we have touched the topic of modes for wireless networks. Since we just spoke about network mode, let’s get to know about them since they are essentials of networking.

Wireless Network Modes

Wireless network at its simplest level typically comprised up with two or multiple computers or devices communicating directly with each other without any cabling or other intermediary hardware. More advanced and complicated networks use a WAP to centralize wireless communication and works as a bridge for wireless network to wired network segments. These two methods are known as ad hoc mode and infrastructure mode.

Ad Hoc Mode

This is also called a peer-to-peer mode where each node is in direct contact with other node in decentralized free-for-all kind of scenario. Two or multiple node communicating with each other in an ad hoc mode is called Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).

Ad Hoc Mode networking is perfect for small group of computers, less the dozen or so, which needs data transferring, share printers or temporary networks such as a business meeting or study groups. Note, from windows 8.1 onwards Microsoft disabled the ad hoc networking. If you need to use them, you need to manually enable it from command line.

Infrastructure Mode

Wireless networks under Infrastructure mode use one or more WAPs to connect the wireless network nodes to a wired network segment. A Single WAP servicing a given area is called a Basic Service Set (BSS). You are also able to extend this area by adding more WAPs. This is called an Extended Basic Service Set (EBSS).

Wireless networks running in infrastructure mode demands more careful planning and generally more complicated than configuring ad hoc. Anybody would like to use it when they need finest control over how the network should operates. This mode is more often required in a scenario where dedicated resources are shared such as Internet connections and centralized database. Infrastructure mode is more commonly used to support small office/home office (SOHO) networks. The access point in these environments are known as SOHO WAPs and SOHO routers.

Hybrid wireless technology

There are manufacturers who produce some sort of hybrid wireless topology, where most of the nodes connect in a mesh network which also involves some wired machines. The noticeable characteristic of a wireless mesh network (WMN) is that they act like routers, forward traffic for other nodes without the need for wires.

WMN tends to be more static than a traditional ad hoc network, where devices don’t tend to come in and out rapidly. In addition, they have a mix or wired nodes as well. WMNs are used in a very specific environment like military, Google home devices etc.

Understanding wireless and particularly networking basics is one of the most crucial aspect for anyone willing to get into network engineering or tech who is going to work a lot with networking. What is a wireless signal though?

Usage of wireless signals

Wireless signals are used to transfer data like audio, video, voices, documents etc. Without the need for cables, wireless signals are basically electromagnetic waves which travel through air. These electromagnetic filed is formed when electrical energy transmit through a piece of metal for instance, a wire, antenna etc. With such degree of electrical charge and oscillation between negative and positive, electromagnetic waves are formed around such piece of metal. These waves can travel from short to great distant based on the strength of the energy.

Wireless signals are not limited to just one kind and there are various kinds of wireless technologies saturated out in the market and beyond. The most familiar one is AM and FM radio, Cellular phones, Wi-Fi, Satellite signals which GPS and Television uses and more.

What makes them different from each other though? This depends on various other factors. One of them is the frequency. Every wireless signal has a spectrum of frequency ranges at which the signals are able to vibrate. The frequency is determined by which part of the spectrum the signal is vibrating. For the lowest vibration, signal has low frequency.

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What are the differences between emotional and sentiment recognition? 1 Jul 2022, 10:27 am

The techniques of machine-learning data exploration and prediction empowering Artificial Intelligence include Natural Language Processing which partially specialises in sentiment and emotion recognition.

While many people regard a sentiment and an emotion as synonyms, the scientists working with AI are not using these terms interchangeably. Emotions and sentiments are different data; hence, they require different analytical techniques. The aim of this article is to compare the two types of analyses from both the theoretical point of view and the view of practical appliance.

Understanding emotions and sentiments

Obviously, sentiments and emotions are forms of a mental state of a person, however, their meanings are not the same. Emotions are complex descriptions of feelings such as happiness or anger, although the complexity of a sentiment goes even further. This is a presentation of a certain opinion or a thought produced by a scope of emotions about a particular event.

While emotions are a raw form of a human’s reaction, sentiments can be viewed as structures based on emotions and thoughts connected to a certain situation.

The basic ideas of sentiment and emotional analyses

Considering the meaning of sentiments explained above, we might assume sentiment analysis should be more advanced than the analysis of emotions.

Yet, for NLP the opposite is true. In fact, many scientists see emotional analysis as a higher form of evolution of sentiment analysis because of the intricacy of the machine learning techniques used for emotional recognition.

Despite the intensity of a thoughtful process required for generating sentiments, a computer observes humans’ sentiments through the prism of polarity. Algorithms can see sentiments as either negative or positive with an intermediate state of neutrality. Some analytical approaches can also distinguish intensity of sentiments and label them as very negative or very positive.

Consider such phrases as “The product is amazing” and “The product met my expectations”.  At this point, we ignore the hidden emotional scope and see no difference between the two phrases. The sentiment of both of them is positive.

Emotional analysis can be challenging for humans themselves who quite frequently fail to perceive right not only the emotions of other individuals but also of their own. The machine-learning analysis of emotions applies extensive vocabulary for categorisation aiming to distinguish exact types of emotions. For instance, for negative emotions, there will be a difference between anger, rage, madness, frustration and sadness.

The technology of sentiment and emotional analyses

One of the most common approaches to the detection of emotions and sentiment of speech includes an intermediate process of speech-to-text transcription. This means the pre-processing step transforms audio materials into textual data for further linguistic analysis.

It is also possible to focus specifically on the quality of sound waves generated by humans’ speech applying the Theory of Sound and Acoustics. Here, the physical parameters of the sound will determine either a sentiment or an emotion depending on the scope of research. Such an approach differs from the machine-learning techniques typical for NLP since it omits the actual linguistic meaning of the speech.

Despite the differences between sentiments and emotions from the point of view of modern machine-learning algorithms, both approaches can be applied for their analyses. Yet, in the case of the technology based on linguistics, emotional analysis is more advanced as it combines several methods.

Conclusion

For AI, emotional analysis is a sophisticated method giving more insights than sentiment analysis which offers oversimplified results. Deeper understanding of responses offered by emotional analysis is promising for industrial appliance, albeit, companies should consider the possible costs of this technique and remember about the importance of building natural human connections with their clients.

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How are speech sentiment and emotion measured? 1 Jul 2022, 10:26 am

Speech sentiment and emotion analyses are more and more frequently adopted by companies for different purposes. One of the most common practical applications of this technology is better understanding of customers. If you are interested how it is possible to utilise machine-learning techniques for understanding people better, this article will provide you with the technical side of this question.

Understanding speech analysis

Speech can be viewed as sound waves generated by humans with its physical parameters determining either a sentiment or an emotion depending on the scope of research. Such an approach differs from the techniques adopted by NLP since it omits the actual linguistic meaning of the speech.

To derive this meaning, in NLP, speech undergoes speech-to-text transcription first and is then analysed with classic rule-based NLP algorithms or automated methods of machine learning (ML). Sometimes, both types of analyses are used together.

Rule-based techniques

The rule-based approach often applies special lexicons consisting of expressions and words used for identifying sentiments or emotions as well as special text manipulation algorithms. Some of the most popular ones are tokenisation, stemming, lemmatisation, tagging words into parts of speech and word categorisation by a grammatical function.

For example, with such techniques a prevailing sentiment or emotion of a text is measured by the frequency of occurrence of certain words and phrases.

Machine-learning methods

Sentiment and emotion analyses heavily rely on classification algorithms which are trained with categorised datasets. An algorithm is looking for similarities between data points and, with this knowledge, categorises new data. The same ML techniques can be applied to both sentiment and emotional recognition, albeit the latter one will have more complex models with a greater number of variables or categories.

Sentiment and emotion analyses frequently uses the Naive Bayes, Maximum Entropy and SVM algorithms, however, the scope of the available classifying techniques covers many other options including Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbour and neural networks.

Naive Bayes is built on Bayes’ Theorem and the theory of probability. Training such an algorithm with a dataset of pieces of a text with tags related to emotions or sentiments, we can calculate the probability for a tested text to fit into the existing categories. Its major difference from the Maximum Entropy (ME) classifier is in its initial assumption of the proportionality between the significance of a certain word for the analysis and the frequency of its occurrence in the text. ME also pays attention to the correlation between words.

SVM or Support Vector Machine is using a different approach of looking for a hyperplane for separating the pre-categorised data points of the training dataset. It can be visualised as a two-dimensional plane containing all the data points for which the algorithm will find a separator with the maximum possible distance between the tags.

All of the ML techniques include data pre-processing, splitting it into training and testing sets, training the algorithm and testing it with the test set. When the model is evaluated positively, it can be used for testing other datasets.

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